Disasters, Climate Change, and Violence Against Women and Girls (2024)

  • ActionAid International. (2014, November 16). Gender analysis brief: Violence against women and girls & access to justice in Myanmar. NGO ActionAid.

  • Afifi, T., Govil, R., Sakdapolrak, P., & Warner, K. (2012). Climate change, vulnerability and human mobility: Perspectives of refugees from the East and Horn of Africa. United Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Security.

  • Agarwal, B. (1997). “Bargaining” and gender relations: Within and beyond the household. Feminist Economics, 3(1), 1–51.

  • Amnesty International. (2009). The gender trap: Women, violence and poverty. Amnesty international.

  • Amnesty International. (2011). Haiti: Aftershocks: Women speak out against sexual violence in Haiti’s camps.

  • Anastario, M., Shehab, N., & Lawry, L. (2009). Increased gender-based violence among women internally displaced in Mississippi 2 years post-Hurricane Katrina. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3, 18–26.

  • Anderson, M., & Woodrow, P. (1989). Rising from the ashes: Development strategies in times of disaster. Westview.

  • Asgary, R., Emery, E., & Wong, M. (2013). Systematic review of prevention and management strategies for the consequences of gender-based violence in refugee settings. International Health, 5(2), 85–91.

  • Austin, D. W. (2016). Hyper-masculinity and disaster: The reconstruction of hegemonic masculinity in the wake of calamity. In E. Enarson & B. Pease (Eds.), Men, masculinities and disaster (pp. 45–55). Routledge.

  • Barcia, I. (2017). Women human rights defenders confronting extractive industries: An overview of critical risks and human rights obligations. Association for Women’s Rights in Development (AWID) and Women Human Rights Defenders International Coalition (WHRDIC).

  • Barker, G., Contreras, J. M., Heilman, B., Singh, A. K.,Verma, R. K., & Nascimento, M. (2011). Evolving men: Initial results from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES). International Center for Research on Women and Instituto Promundo.

  • Birkmann, J., Buckle, P., Jaeger, J., Pelling, M., Setiadi, N., Garschagen, M., Fernando, N., & Kropp, J. (2010). Extreme events and disasters: A window of opportunity for change? Analysis of organizational, institutional and political changes, formal and informal responses after mega-disasters. Natural Hazards, 55, 637–655.

  • Biswas, A., Zaman, A. M., Sattar, M. A., Islam, M. S., Hossain, M. A., & Faisal, M. (2015). Assessment of disaster impact on the health of women and children. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 1(3), 19–28.

  • Bradshaw, S. (2013). Gender, development and disasters. Elgar.

  • Bradshaw, S., & Fordham, M. (2013). Women, girls and disasters. A review for DFID. GSDRC.

  • Bradshaw, S., & Linneker, B. (2009). Gender perspectives on disaster reconstruction in Nicaragua: Reconstructing roles and relations? In E. Enarson & P. G. Dhar Chakrabarti (Eds.), Women, gender and disaster: Global issues and initiatives (pp. 75–88). SAGE.

  • Buckingham, S. (2000). Gender and environment: Introduction to environment series. Routledge.

  • Buckingham, S., & Le Masson, V. (2017). Understanding climate change through gender relations. Routledge.

  • Carballo, M., Hernandez, M., Schneider, K., & Welle, E. (2005). Impact of the tsunami on reproductive health. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 98(9), 400–403.

  • CARE Ethiopia Emergency Unit. (2016, March). Rapid gender analysis: Research report.

  • CARE International. (2014). “The girl has no rights”: Gender-based violence in South Sudan. CARE Emergencies.

  • CARE International UK. (2015). “To protect her honour”: Child marriage in emergencies—The fatal confusion between protecting girls and sexual violence.

  • Castañeda-Camey, C. I., Sabater, L., Owren, C., & Boyer, A. E. (2020). Gender-based violence and environment linkages: The violence of inequality (J. Wen, Ed.). International Union for Conservation of Nature.

  • Cerna-Turoff, I., Fischer, H.-T., Mayhew, S., & Devries, K. (2019). Violence against children and natural disasters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative evidence. PLoS One, 14(5), e0217719.

  • Cerna-Turoff, I., Kane, J. C., Devries, K., Mercy, J., Massetti, G., & Baiocchi, M. (2020). Did internal displacement from the 2010 earthquake in Haiti lead to long-term violence against children? A matched pairs study design. Child Abuse & Neglect, 102, 104393.

  • Christoplos, I. (2006). The elusive “window of opportunity” for risk reduction in post-disaster recovery. Paper presented at the ProVention Consortium Forum 2006, February 2–3, 2006, Bangkok.

  • Dankelman, I. (Ed.). (2010). Gender and climate change: An introduction. Routledge.

  • de Alwis, M. (2016). The tsunami’s wake. In E. Enarson, & B. Pease (Eds.), Men, masculinities and disaster (pp. 92–101). Routledge.

  • Delaney, P. L., & Shrader, E. (2000). Gender and post-disaster reconstruction: The case of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras and Nicaragua [Decision review draft]. World Bank.

  • Delica, Z. G. (1998). Balancing vulnerability and capacity: Women and children in the Philippines. In E. Enarson & B. H. Morrow (Eds.), The gendered terrain of disaster: Through women’s eyes (pp. 110–113). Praeger.

  • Dobson, N. (1994). From under the mud-pack: Women and the Charleville floods. Macedon Digest, 9(2), 11–13.

  • Dwyer, E., & Woolf, L. (2018). Down by the river. Addressing the rights, needs and strengths of Fijian sexual and gender minorities in disaster risk reduction and humanitarian response. Oxfam.

  • Enarson, E. (1998). Through women’s eyes: A gendered research agenda for disaster social science. Disasters, 22(2), 157–173.

  • Enarson, E. (1999). Violence against women in disasters: A study of domestic violence programs in the US and Canada. Violence Against Women, 5(7), 742–768.

  • Enarson, E. (2000). Gender and natural disasters. ILO.

  • Enarson, E. (2014). Human security and disasters: What a gender lens offers. In C. Hobson, P. Bacon, & R. Cameron (Eds.), Human security and natural disasters (pp. 37–55). Routledge.

  • Enarson, E., & Chakrabarti, P. D. (Eds.). (2009). Women, gender and disaster: Global issues and initiatives. SAGE.

  • Enarson, E., & Morrow, B. H. (1998). The gendered terrain of disaster. Praeger.

  • Enarson, E., & Phillips, B. (2008). Invitation to a new feminist disaster Sociology: Integrating Feminist Theory and Methods, In B. D. Phillips & B. H. Morrow (Eds.), Women and disasters: From theory to practice. Xlibris.

  • Epstein, A., Bendavid, E., Nash, D., Charlebois, E. D., & Weiser, S. D. (2020). Drought and intimate partner violence towards women in 19 countries in sub-Saharan Africa during 2011–2018: A population-based study. PLoS Medicine, 17, e1003064.

  • European Institute for Gender Equality. (2017). The glossary of definitions of rape, femicide and intimate partner violence.

  • Felten-Biermann, C. (2006). Gender and natural disaster: Sexualized violence and the tsunami. Development, 49(3), 82–86.

  • Fisher, S. (2010). Violence against women and natural disasters: Findings from post-tsunami Sri Lanka. Violence Against Women, 16(8), 902–918.

  • Food and Agriculture Organization. (2010). Guidance note: Gender-based violence and livelihood interventions: Focus on populations of humanitarian concern in the context of HIV. Food and Agriculture Organisation.

  • Fordham, M., Ariyabandu, M. M., Gopalan, P., & Peterson, J. K. (2006). “Please don’t raise gender now—We’re in an emergency!” In World disasters report 2006 (pp. 141–163). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

  • Fothergill, A. (1996). Gender, risk, and disaster. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 14(1), 33–56.

  • Fothergill, A. (2008). Domestic violence after disaster: Voices from the 1997 Grand Forks flood. In B. D. Phillips & B. Hearn Morrow (Eds.), Women and disasters: From theory to practice (pp. 131–154). Xlibris.

  • Gaillard, J. C., Cadag, J. R. D., & Rampengan, M. M. (2019). People’s capacities in facing hazards and disasters: An overview. Natural Hazards, 95(3), 863–876.

  • Gaillard, J. C., Sanz, K., Balgos, B. C., Dalisay, S. N. M., Gorman-Murray, A., Smith, F., & Toelupe, V. A. (2017). Beyond men and women: A critical perspective on gender and disaster. Disasters, 41(3), 429–447.

  • García-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., & Watts, C. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women. World Health Organization.

  • Gender and Disaster Pod. (2016). Gender and emergency management (GEM) guidelines: A literature review.

  • Halle, C., & Kellogg, M. (Eds.). (2020). Gender, climate & security: Sustaining inclusive peace on the frontlines of climate change. United Nations Environment Programme, UN Women, UNDP, and UNDPPA/PBSO.

  • Harper, C., Nowacka, K., Alder, H., & Ferrant, G. (2014). Measuring women’s empowerment and social transformation in the post-2015 agenda. ODI/OECD.

  • Harville, E. W., Taylor, C. A., Tesfai, H., Xiong, X., & Buekens, P. (2011). Experience of Hurricane Katrina and reported intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(4), 833–845.

  • Heise, L. L., & Kotsadam, A. (2015). Cross-national and multilevel correlates of partner violence: An analysis of data from population-based surveys. Lancet Global Health, 3(6), e332–e340.

  • Hoffman, S. (1998). Eve and Adam among the embers: Gender patterns after the Oakland Berkeley Firestorm. In E. Enarson & B. Morrow (Eds.), The gendered terrain of disasters (pp. 55–62). Praeger.

  • Honeycombe, B. (1994). Special needs of women in emergency situations. Macedon Digest, 8(4), 28–31.

  • Horton, L. (2012). After the earthquake: Gender inequality and transformation in post-disaster Haiti. Gender & Development, 20(2), 295–308.

  • Hultman, M. (2017). Natures of masculinities: Conceptualising industrial, ecomodern and ecological masculinities. In S. Buckingham & V. Le Masson (Eds.), Understanding climate change through gender relations (pp. 87–193). Routledge.

  • Human Security Research Group. (2012). Human security report 2012: Sexual violence, education, and war: Beyond the mainstream narrative. Simon Fraser University.

  • Inter-Agency Standing Committee. (2015). Guidelines for integrating gender-based violence interventions in humanitarian action: Reducing risk, promoting resilience and aiding recovery.

  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2011). Ten steps to creating safe environments: How organizations and communities can prevent, mitigate and respond to interpersonal violence. Canadian Red Cross.

  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2012). Predictable, preventable: Best practices for addressing interpersonal and self-directed violence during and after disasters. Canadian Red Cross.

  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2015). Gender and diversity for urban resilience: An analysis.

  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2016). Unseen, unheard: Gender-based violence in disasters: Asia-Pacific case studies.

  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2018a). Minimum standards for protection, gender and inclusion in emergencies.

  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. (2018b). The responsibility to prevent and respond to sexual and gender-based violence in disasters and crises.

  • Jayasinghe, N. P. (2015). The gendered impact of natural disasters in Sri Lanka: A cross-realm analysis of vulnerability and capacity [PhD thesis, American University].

  • Jenkins, P., & Phillips, B. (2008). Battered women, catastrophe, and the context of safety after Hurricane Katrina. NWSA Journal, 20(3), 49–68.

  • Kreps, G. (1984). Sociological inquiry and disaster research. Annual Review of Sociology, 10, 309–330.

  • Lee, A. (2018). Rapid review of gender-based violence and natural disasters [MPh thesis, Yale University, New Haven, CT].

  • Le Masson, V., Benoudji, C., Reyes, S. S., & Bernard, G. (2019). How violence against women and girls undermines resilience to climate risks in Chad. Disasters, 43, S245–S270.

  • Le Masson, V., Fordham, M., & Fergus, I. (2020). Adolescent girls in crisis: Voices from the Sahel [Technical report]. Plan International, UCL Centre for Gender and Disaster & UNFPA.

  • Leyser-Whalen, O., Rahman, M., & Berenson, A. B. (2011). Natural and social disasters: racial inequality in access to contraceptives after Hurricane Ike. Journal of Women's Health, 20(12), 1861–1866.

  • Liu, S., Han, J., Xiao, D., Ma, C., & Chen, B. (2010). A report on the reproductive health of women after the massive 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 108(2), 161–164.

  • Luft, R. E. (2008). Looking for common ground: Relief work in post-Katrina New Orleans as an American parable of race and gender violence. NWSA Journal, 20(3), 5–31.

  • MacGregor, S. (2010). “Gender and climate change”: From impacts to discourses. Journal of the Indian Ocean Region, 6(2), 223–238.

  • Majidi, N., & Hennion, C. (2014). Resilience in displacement? Building the potential of Afghan displaced women. Journal of Internal Displacement, 4(1), 77–91.

  • Masika, R. (2002). Gender, development, and climate change. Oxfam.

  • Millock, K. (2015). Migration and environment. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 7, 35–60.

  • Molin, J. (2018). Preventing gender-based violence post disasters: Building the capacity of humanitarian actors in the Philippines to engage with men and boys to reduce the risks of perpetration of violence. Doctoral dissertation, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

  • Morchain, D., & Kelsey, F. (2016). Finding ways together to build resilience: The vulnerability and risk assessment methodology. Oxfam.

  • Morchain, D., Prati, G., Kelsey, F., & Ravon, L. (2015). What if gender became an essential, standard element of vulnerability assessments? Gender & Development, 23(3), 481–496.

  • Morrow, B. H. (1997). Stretching the bonds: The families of Andrew In W. G. Peaco*ck, B. H. Morrow, & H. Gladwin (Eds.), Hurricane Andrew: Ethnicity, gender, and the sociology of disasters (pp. 141–170). Routledge.

  • Nakagawa, Y., & Shaw, R. (2004). Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 22(1), 5–34.

  • Nasreen, M. (2010). Rethinking disaster management: Violence against women during floods in Bangladesh. In S. Dasgupta, I. Siriner, & P. Sarathi De (Eds.), Women’s encounter with disaster (pp. 232–244). Frontpage Publications.

  • Nguyen, H. T., & Rydstrom, H. (2018). Climate disaster, gender, and violence: Men’s infliction of harm upon women in the Philippines and Vietnam. Women’s Studies International Forum, 71, 56–62.

  • North, A. (2010). Drought, drop out and early marriage: Feeling the effects of climate change in East Africa. Equals: Newsletter for Beyond Access, 24.

  • Oliver-Smith, A. (1999). The brotherhood of pain: Theoretical and applied perspectives on post-disaster solidarity. In A. Oliver-Smith, S. M. Hoffman, & S. Hoffman (Eds.), The angry earth: Disaster in anthropological perspective (pp. 156–172). Routledge.

  • Opondo, M. Abdi, U., & Nangiro, P. (2016). Assessing gender in resilience programming: Uganda. BRACED

  • Oswald-Spring, Ú. (2008). Gender and disasters: Human, gender and environmental security: A HUGE challenge. United Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Security.

  • Otzelberger, A. (2014). Tackling the double injustice of climate change and gender inequality. CARE International.

  • Otzelberger, A. (2016). Understanding gender in community-based adaptation [Practitioner Brief 3]. CARE International.

  • Palinkas, L., Downs, M., Petterson, J., & Russell, J. (1993). Social, cultural, and psychological impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Human Organization, 52(1), 1–13.

  • Parkinson, D. (2015). Women’s experience of violence in the aftermath of the Black Saturday bushfires [Thesis, School of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia].

  • Parkinson, D., & Zara, C. (2013). The hidden disaster: Domestic violence in the aftermath of natural disaster. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 28(2), 28.

  • Pereznieto, P., Rivett, J., & Le Masson, V. (2020). Ending violence against children while addressing the global climate crisis [Working paper 591]. ODI.

  • Phillips, B. D., & Morrow, B. H. (Eds.). (2008). Women and disasters: From theory to practice. International Research Committee on Disasters.

  • Rao, S. (2020). A natural disaster and intimate partner violence: Evidence over time. Social Science & Medicine, 247, 112804.

  • Rashid, S. F., & Michaud, S. (2000). Female adolescents and their sexuality: Notions of honour, shame, purity and pollution during the floods. Disasters, 24(1), 54–70.

  • Rezwana, N., & Pain, R. (2021). Gender-based violence before, during and after cyclones: Slow violence and layered disasters. Disasters, 45(4), 741–761.

  • Richter, R., & Flowers, T. (2008). Gendered dimensions of disaster care: critical distinctions in female psychosocial needs, triage, pain assessment, and care. American journal of disaster medicine, 3(1), 31-37.

  • Ridgewell, A., Mamo, G., & Flintan, F. (Eds.). (2007). Gender and pastoralism Vol. I: Rangeland and resource management in Ethiopia.

  • Roeder, L. W. (Ed.). (2014). Issues of gender and sexual orientation in humanitarian emergencies: Risks and risk reduction. Springer.

  • Rosborough, S., Chan, J. L., & Parmar, P. (2009). Responding to gender-based violence in disasters: Grappling with research methods to clear the way for planning. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3(1), 8–10.

  • Roure, J. G. (2020). The reemergence of barriers during crises & natural disasters: Gender-based violence spikes among women & LGBTQ+ persons during confinement. Seton Hall Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 21(2), 23–50.

  • Saito, F. (2012). Women and the 2011 east Japan disaster. Gender & Development, 20(2), 265–279.

  • Sánchez, O. R., Vale, D. B., Rodrigues, L., & Surita, F. G. (2020). Violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrative review. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 151(2), 180–187.

  • Sanz-Barbero, B., Linares, C., Vives-Cases, C., González, J. L., López-Ossorio, J. J., & Díaz, J. (2018). Heat wave and the risk of intimate partner violence. Science of the Total Environment, 644, 413–419.

  • Sherwood, A., Bradley, M., Rossi, L., Guiam, R., & Mellicker, B. (2015). Resolving post-disaster displacement: Insights from the Philippines after Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). Brookings Institution.

  • Skinner, E. (2011). Gender and climate change overview report. Institute of Development Studies.

  • Sloand, E., Killion, C., Gary, F. A., Dennis, B., Glass, N., Hassan, M., Campbell, D. W., & Callwood, G. B. (2015). Barriers and facilitators to engaging communities in gender-based violence prevention following a natural disaster. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 26(4), 1377.

  • Sohrabizadeh, S. (2016). A qualitative study of violence against women after the recent disasters of Iran. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 31(4), 407.

  • Solotaroff, J. L., & Prabha Pande, R. (2014). Violence against women and girls: Lessons from South Asia. World Bank.

  • Standing, K., Parker, S., & Bista, S. (2016). Grassroots responses to violence against women and girls in post-earthquake Nepal: Lessons from the field. Gender and Development, 24(2), 187–204.

  • Stark, L., Roberts, L., Yu, G., Tan, T. M., Nagar, A., & Ager, A. (2020). Evaluating the reliability and validity of secondary reporting to measure gender-based violence in conflict and disaster. Conflict and Health, 14(1), 1–9.

  • Temple, J. R., van den Berg, P., & John, F. (2011). Teen dating violence and substance use following a natural disaster: Does evacuation status matter? American Journal of Disaster Medicine, 6(4), 201.

  • Thurston, A. M., Stöckl, H., & Ranganathan, M. (2021). Natural hazards, disasters and violence against women and girls: A global mixed-methods systematic review. BMJ Global Health, 6(4), e004377.

  • True, J. (2013). Gendered violence in natural disasters: Learning from New Orleans, Haiti and Christchurch. Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work, 25(2), 78–89.

  • UNICEF. (2015). Unless we act now: The impact of climate change on children.

  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2019). Global study on homicide. United Nations.

  • United Nations Population Fund. (2012). Marrying too young: End child marriage.

  • Van Aelst, K. (2016). Gender, households and climate change. Adaptation decision-making in the Morogoro region of Tanzania [PhD thesis, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium].

  • Verma, R., Sinha, T., & Khanna, T. (2013). Asia Child Marriage Initiative: Summary of research in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. UNICEF Global Database.

  • Webb, J. (2016). Gender dynamics in a changing climate: How gender and adaptive capacity affect resilience. CARE.

  • Welton, M., Vélez Vega, C. M., Murphy, C. B., Rosario, Z., Torres, H., Russell, E., Brown, P., Montanez, G. H., Watkins, D., Meeker, J. D., Alshawabkeh, A., & Cordero, J. F. (2019). Impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on Puerto Rico maternal and child health research programs. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 24(1), 22–29.

  • Whittenbury, K. (2013). Climate change, women’s health, wellbeing and experiences of gender based violence in Australia. In M. Alston & K. Whittenbury (Eds.), Research, action and policy: Addressing the gendered impacts of climate change (pp. 207–221). Springer.

  • Willinger, B. (2008). Katrina and the women of New Orleans. Newcomb College Center for Research on Women.

  • Wilson, J., Phillips, B., & Neal, D. M. (1998). Domestic violence after disaster. In B. Willinger (Ed.), The gendered terrain of disaster: Through women’s eyes (pp. 115–122). Praeger.

  • Wisner, B., Gaillard, J. C., & Kelman, I. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of hazards and disaster risk reduction. Routledge.

  • Women’s Protection Technical Working Group. (2010). Women’s protection assessments: Post-cyclone Nargis Myanmar.

  • World Health Organization. (2005). WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence against women.

  • World Health Organization. (2013). Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence.

Disasters, Climate Change, and Violence Against Women and Girls (2024)
Top Articles
Latest Posts
Article information

Author: Kareem Mueller DO

Last Updated:

Views: 6252

Rating: 4.6 / 5 (46 voted)

Reviews: 85% of readers found this page helpful

Author information

Name: Kareem Mueller DO

Birthday: 1997-01-04

Address: Apt. 156 12935 Runolfsdottir Mission, Greenfort, MN 74384-6749

Phone: +16704982844747

Job: Corporate Administration Planner

Hobby: Mountain biking, Jewelry making, Stone skipping, Lacemaking, Knife making, Scrapbooking, Letterboxing

Introduction: My name is Kareem Mueller DO, I am a vivacious, super, thoughtful, excited, handsome, beautiful, combative person who loves writing and wants to share my knowledge and understanding with you.